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<title>Notonecta glauca</title>

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Notonecta glauca

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Notonecta glauca

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>

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<td>Phylum:

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<td><a href="Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a>

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<td>Class:

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<td><a href="Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a>

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<td>Suborder:

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<td><a href="Heteroptera" title="Heteroptera">Heteroptera</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><a href="Notonectidae" title="Notonectidae">Notonectidae</a>

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<td>Genus:

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<td><a href="Notonecta" title="Notonecta">Notonecta</a>

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<td>Species:

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<td><div style="display:inline" class="species">N. glauca</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Notonecta glauca <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div>

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Notonecta glauca, also known as the greater water-boatman or common backswimmer, is a species of aquatic insect in the family <a href="Notonectidae" title="Notonectidae">Notonectidae</a>. This species is found in large parts of Europe, North Africa, and east through Asia to Siberia and China.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In much of its range it is the most common backswimmer species.<a href="#cite_note-Svensson-2">[2]</a> It is also the most widespread and abundant of the four British water-boatmen.<a href="#cite_note-southwood-3">[3]</a> Notonecta glauca are <a href="Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a> (true bug) predators,<a href="#cite_note-Svensson-2">[2]</a> that are approximately 13–16 mm in length.<a href="#cite_note-Balmert-4">[4]</a> Females have a larger body size compared to males.<a href="#cite_note-Svensson-2">[2]</a> These water insects swim and rest on their back (hence their common name "backswimmer" or "water boatman") and are found under the water surface.<a href="#cite_note-Immonen-5">[5]</a> Notonecta glauca supports itself under the water surface by using their front legs and mid legs and the back end of its abdomen and rest them on the water surface;<a href="#cite_note-Wichard-6">[6]</a> They are able to stay under the water surface by water tension, also known as the air-water interface (<a href="Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Wachmann-7">[7]</a> They use the hind legs as oars; these legs are fringed with hair and, when at rest, are extended laterally like a pair of sculls in a boat.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Notonecta glauca will either wait for its prey to pass by or will swim and actively hunt its prey. When the weather is warm, usually in the late summer and autumn, they will fly between ponds.<a href="#cite_note-Walton-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwind-10">[10]</a> Notonecta glauca reproduce in the spring.<a href="#cite_note-Svensson-2">[2]</a>

There has been a great deal of research on the eye of N. glauca. These insects use their eyes for both day and night vision, which is used for prey capture and flight when searching for new habitats.<a href="#cite_note-Immonen-5">[5]</a> Notonecta glauca, like other insects, have a compound <a href="Eye" title="Eye">eye</a>.

Specifically, their eye is an acone-type with corneal structure, which helps them create a sharp image when both in the water and in the air.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwind2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horvath-13">[13]</a> The acone is the site of the pupil. Immonen et al. (2014), found that backswimmers are able to see in both day and night light conditions because of:

<ul><li>their large variations in the peripheral <a href="Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor cell</a> properties</li>

<li>having a robust migration of pigment and photoreceptors</li></ul>

They also found that the green-sensitive peripheral photoreceptors function in a similar way as nocturnal <a href="Phasmatodea" title="Phasmatodea">Phasmatodea</a> (or stick insects).

To protect their eye from direct sunlight during the day, the pigment cell's diaphragm are condensed, and during the night they open fully to allow as much light in as possible.<a href="#cite_note-Immonen-5">[5]</a> Notonecta glauca have two photoreceptor subsystems:

<ol><li>Large and most sensitive peripheral photoreceptors</li>

<li>Smaller peripheral and central photoreceptors</li></ol>

The first subsystem is sensitive to green light, one of the colours in the <a href="Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>. This sensitivity helps the backswimmer see in dimmer light or at night. The second subsystem allows the backswimmer to see in bright light and when in flight.<a href="#cite_note-Immonen-5">[5]</a> Notonecta glauca <a href="Pupil" title="Pupil">pupil</a> (acone) take a different amount of time to adjust to <a href="Light" title="Light">light</a>. It takes the N. glauca approximately 40 minutes for the pupil to adjust to daylight and approximately 50 minutes to adjust to the light at night.<a href="#cite_note-Ro-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_retention">Air retention</h2></div>

Although N. glauca live in the water, they breathe <a href="Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmospheric</a> air and do not have <a href="Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>. When these insects are diving or resting under the water surface, they create a film of air that surrounds their body.<a href="#cite_note-DK-15">[15]</a> This air film is also known as a <a href="Superhydrophobic_coating" title="Superhydrophobic coating">superhydrophobic coating</a> or surface, and it prevents the insect from becoming wet.<a href="#cite_note-Balmert-4">[4]</a> It also reduces the <a href="Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag (physics)</a> that is created when diving.<a href="#cite_note-McHale2009-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-McHale2010-17">[17]</a> To be able to create this air film around it, N. glauca is covered in hairy structures, except on its head and legs.<a href="#cite_note-DK-15">[15]</a> There are two types of hairs and air retention is maximized by having both types: <a href="Setae" class="mw-redirect" title="Setae">setae</a> and <a href="Insect_morphology#Wings" title="Insect morphology">microtrichia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DK-15">[15]</a> The most important part in creating an air film is the density of the hairs.<a href="#cite_note-Balmert-4">[4]</a> Notonecta glauca has dense <a href="Insect_morphology#Wings" title="Insect morphology">microtrichia</a> and their air film can last up to 120 days.<a href="#cite_note-Balmert-4">[4]</a> The air film cannot last forever because as an insect <a href="Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respires</a> (<a href="Breathing" title="Breathing">breathes</a>), the <a href="Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> <a href="Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> will decrease and <a href="Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> <a href="Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> will increase, causing the air bubble to decrease in size.<a href="#cite_note-Balmert-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Model_organism">Model organism</h3></div>

Notonecta glauca is used as a model organism for friction reduction and air retention.<a href="#cite_note-DK-15">[15]</a> Possible applications for this include reduction of drag in ships.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wave_discrimination">Wave discrimination</h2></div>

Notonecta glauca can discriminate between <a href="Predation" title="Predation">prey</a> and non-prey, like other backswimmers, by <a href="Surface_wave" title="Surface wave">surface waves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lang-18">[18]</a> Lang (1979), completed an experiment that showed that <a href="Wave" title="Wave">waves</a> that were created by other backswimmers <a href="Aquatic_locomotion" title="Aquatic locomotion">swimming</a>, emerging, turning and <a href="Paddling" title="Paddling">paddling</a> were of a lower <a href="Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> (below 40 Hz) compared to <a href="Wave" title="Wave">waves</a> created by their <a href="Predation" title="Predation">prey</a> items, who had a <a href="Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> between 70–140 Hz. <a href="Larva" title="Larva">Larval</a> backswimmers were found to create different <a href="Wave" title="Wave">waves</a> that differed from adult backswimmers, but their <a href="Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> were similar to that of adult swimming produced waves (up to 70 Hz).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foraging_behaviour">Foraging behaviour</h2></div>

<a href="Water" title="Water">Water</a> depth can affect how N. glauca pick which prey they eat. Males and females both spend a lot of time on the surface of the water where they encounter mosquito (<a href="Culex" title="Culex">Culex</a>) <a href="Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>. They feed on this prey because there is a decrease in travel cost (having to dive for them) and Culex gives a higher energy rate.<a href="#cite_note-Cockrellb-19">[19]</a>

Mature females, however, will also dive to the bottom of the pond to feed on isopods (<a href="Asellus" title="Asellus">Asellus</a>), but only in shallow waters.<a href="#cite_note-Cockrellb-19">[19]</a> Reaching Asellus requires a higher travel cost of <a href="Energy#Biology" title="Energy">energy</a>. This behaviour is not consistent with the <a href="Optimal_foraging_theory" title="Optimal foraging theory">optimal foraging theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cockrellb-19">[19]</a> It is possible, however, that because mature females are larger than males and immature females, they have a reduced <a href="Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a> and therefore require less energy to capture Asellus.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Also, mature females have a larger abdominal size, which could support a larger air bubble and allow them to remain submerged for longer.<a href="#cite_note-Cockrellb-19">[19]</a> However, if the water depth increases, mature females will switch and spend more time at the surface and not feed on Asellus, as the deep water increases the amount of energy needed for diving and staying submerged.<a href="#cite_note-Cockrellb-19">[19]</a>

The oxygen concentration in the body of water can affect the choice of prey N. glauca pick, as Cockrell (1984) found that when oxygen was at a high <a href="Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">dissolved</a> level, N. glauca will spend more time submerged and attacking Asellus.<a href="#cite_note-Cockrella-21">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Notonecta_glauca" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Notonecta glauca">Notonecta glauca</a>.</div></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBerchi,_G.M.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Berchi, G.M. (2013). "Checklist and distribution of the family Notonectidae in Romania, with the first record of Notonecta maculata Fabricius, 1794 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)". Zootaxa. 3682 (1): 121–132. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3682.1.5">10.11646/zootaxa.3682.1.5</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25243278">25243278</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3095939">3095939</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Svensson-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Svensson_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svensson_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svensson_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svensson_2-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFSvenssonTailmarkPetersson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Svensson, B.G; Tailmark, B; Petersson, E (2000). "Habitat Heterogeneity, coexistence and habitat utilization in five backswimmer species (Notonecta spa,; Hemiptera, Notonectidae)". Aquatic Insects. 22 (2): 81–98. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1076%2F0165-0424%28200004%2922%3A2%3B1-p%3Bft081">10.1076/0165-0424(200004)22:2;1-p;ft081</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84412947">84412947</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-southwood-3"><a href="#cite_ref-southwood_3-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSouthwoodDennis_Leston1959" class="citation book cs1">Southwood, Richard; Dennis Leston (1959). Land & Water Bugs of the British Isles. London & New York: Frederick Warne & Co. LTD.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Balmert-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balmert_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balmert_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balmert_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balmert_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balmert_4-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFBalmertBohnDitsche-KuruBarhlott2011" class="citation journal cs1">Balmert, A; Bohn, H.F; Ditsche-Kuru, P; Barhlott, W (2011). "Dry under water: Comparative morphology and functional aspects of air-retaining insect surfaces". Journal of Morphology. 272 (4): 442–451. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.10921">10.1002/jmor.10921</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21290417">21290417</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6348101">6348101</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Immonen-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Immonen_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Immonen_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Immonen_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Immonen_5-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFImmonenIgnatovaGislenWarrant2014" class="citation journal cs1">Immonen, E.V; Ignatova, I; Gislen, A; Warrant, E; Vahasorinki, M; Weckstöm, M; Frolov, R (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4213611">"Large variations among photoreceptors as the basis of visual flexibility on the common backswimmer"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society. 281 (1795): 20141177. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2014.1177">10.1098/rspb.2014.1177</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4213611">4213611</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25274359">25274359</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Wichard-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Wichard_6-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWichardArensEisenbeis2002" class="citation book cs1">Wichard, W; Arens, W; Eisenbeis, G (2002). Biological Atlas of Aquatic Insects. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Wachmann-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Wachmann_7-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWachmannMelberDeckert2006" class="citation book cs1">Wachmann, E; Melber, A; Deckert, J (2006). Wanzen. Band 1: Dipsocoromorpha, Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha, Leptopodomorpha. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands.: Keltern: Goecke & Evers. p. 264 p.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Water-boatman" class="extiw external" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Water-boatman">Water-boatman</a>". <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 367.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Walton-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Walton_9-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWalton1935" class="citation journal cs1">Walton, G.A (1935). "Field experiments on the flight of Notonecta maculata Fabr. (Hemipt.)". Trans. Soc. Br. Ent. 2: 137–144.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Schwind-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwind_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchwind1983" class="citation journal cs1">Schwind, R (1983). "A polarization-sensitive response of the flying water bug Notonecta glauca to Uv light". J. Comp. Physiol. 150: 87–91. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00605291">10.1007/bf00605291</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43907662">43907662</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Fischer-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFischerMahnerWachmann2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, C; Mahner, M; Wachmann, E (2000). "The rhabdom structure in the ommatidia of the Heteroptera (Insecta), and its phylogenetic significance". Zoomorphology. 120: 1–13. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004359900018">10.1007/s004359900018</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37742464">37742464</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Schwind2-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwind2_12-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchwind1980" class="citation journal cs1">Schwind, R (1980). "Geometrical optics of the Notonecta eye: adaptations to optical environment and way of life". J. Comp. Physiol. 140: 59–68. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00613748">10.1007/BF00613748</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25623576">25623576</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Horvath-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Horvath_13-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHorvath1989" class="citation journal cs1">Horvath, G (1989). "Geometric optical optimization of the corneal lens of Notonecta glauca". J. Theor. Biol. 139 (3): 389–404. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JThBi.139..389H">1989JThBi.139..389H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-5193%2889%2980217-6">10.1016/S0022-5193(89)80217-6</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2615380">2615380</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ro-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Ro_14-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRoNilsson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ro, A.F; Nilsson, D.E (1995). "Pupil adjustments in the eye of the common backswimmer". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 198 (Pt 1): 71–77. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JExpB.198...71R">1995JExpB.198...71R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.198.1.71">10.1242/jeb.198.1.71</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9317362">9317362</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DK-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DK_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DK_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DK_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DK_15-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFDitsche-KuruSchneiderMelskotteBrede2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ditsche-Kuru, P; Schneider, E.S; Melskotte, J.E; Brede, M; Leder, A; Barthlott, W (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3148060">"Superhydrophopic surfaces of the water bug Notonecta glauca:a model for friction reduction and air retention"</a>. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. 2: 137–144. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3762%2Fbjnano.2.17">10.3762/bjnano.2.17</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3148060">3148060</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21977425">21977425</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-McHale2009-16"><a href="#cite_ref-McHale2009_16-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcHaleShirtcliffeEvansNewton2009" class="citation journal cs1">McHale, G.; Shirtcliffe, N. J.; Evans, C. R.; Newton, M. I. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/3564/1/200247_6638%20Newton%20Postprint.pdf">"Terminal velocity and drag reduction measurements on superhydrophobic spheres"</a> (PDF). Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 (6): 0641041. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApPhL..94f4104M">2009ApPhL..94f4104M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3081420">10.1063/1.3081420</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-McHale2010-17"><a href="#cite_ref-McHale2010_17-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcHaleNewtonShirtcliffe2010" class="citation journal cs1">McHale, G.; Newton, M. I.; Shirtcliffe, N. J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/4837/1/200651_7058%20McHale%20Postprint.pdf">"Immersed superhydrophobic surfaces: Gas exchange, slip and drag reduction properties"</a> (PDF). Soft Matter. 6 (4): 714–719. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010SMat....6..714M">2010SMat....6..714M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb917861a">10.1039/b917861a</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Lang-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Lang_18-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLang1979" class="citation journal cs1">Lang, H.H (1979). "Surface wave discrimination between prey and non prey by the back swimmer Notonecta gauca L. (Hemiptera, Heteroptera)". Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 6 (3): 233–246. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00569205">10.1007/bf00569205</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21219516">21219516</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Cockrellb-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrellb_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrellb_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrellb_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrellb_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrellb_19-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFCockrell1984" class="citation journal cs1">Cockrell, B.J (1984). "Effects of water depth on choice of spatially separated prey by Notonecta glaucaL". Oecologia. 62 (2): 256–261. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Oecol..62..256C">1984Oecol..62..256C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00379023">10.1007/bf00379023</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28310723">28310723</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23988547">23988547</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlexander1971" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, R (1971). Animal mechanics. London, UK: McNeil.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Cockrella-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Cockrella_21-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCockrell1984" class="citation journal cs1">Cockrell, B.J (1984). "Effect of temperature and oxygenation on predator-prey overlap and prey choice of Notonecta glauca". Journal of Animal Ecology. 53 (2): 519–532. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984JAnEc..53..519C">1984JAnEc..53..519C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4531">10.2307/4531</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4531">4531</a>.</cite>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151202070928/http://www.arkive.org/water-boatman/notonecta-glauca/">arkive.org</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturespot.org.uk/species/common-backswimmer">naturespot.org.uk</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740">Bug Guide</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="YouTube_Videos">YouTube Videos</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TlBmQNfSc4">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TlBmQNfSc4</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHI-5bb_I2g">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHI-5bb_I2g</a></li>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2640" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2640" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Notonecta glauca</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q266370" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q266370">Q266370</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Notonecta_glauca" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Notonecta glauca">Notonecta glauca</a></li>

<li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id71368">71368</a></li>

<li><a href="EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/NOTNGL">NOTNGL</a></li>

<li><a href="Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:450468">450468</a></li>

<li><a href="Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/4f85efcf-f75f-45d8-a7f7-4a5e55bbb531">4f85efcf-f75f-45d8-a7f7-4a5e55bbb531</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/56554">56554</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11010541">11010541</a></li>

<li><a href="ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/24A1B5DC-2EA6-4A53-8423-83BBF4CCB6C4">24A1B5DC-2EA6-4A53-8423-83BBF4CCB6C4</a></li></ul>

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